Removing obstacles to digital trade

While digitization opportunities in the business-to-consumer (B2C) space are flourishing, considerable obstacles remain for digitization of business-to-business (B2B) trade. As pressures on cost and competitiveness strengthen, and both business and retail customers’ expectations for a real-time experience continue to grow, motivation and opportunity for digital trade has never been greater. There remains a variety of obstacles to the digitization of trade, however, not least the fragmentation of information and processes, and diversity of trade participants. 

Like most other industries, a number of innovative trade and trade finance solutions have emerged in recent years. The challenge, however, is how to develop critical mass across multiple supply chain participants. In the B2C environment, the success of new solutions is the result of a network effect, with the combination of effective technologies and critical mass resulting in a virtuous cycle of adoption. The rapid growth of social media is a good example of this. The B2B world is very different. Not only does a platform require a large user base to be successful, but all types of trade participant need to be represented, including shipping companies, agents and intermediaries, customs authorities and banks, as well as buyers and sellers. 

To do this successfully, each of these participants, who use different systems, different processes and have different roles in the trade process, need to be able to communicate and exchange data. While the lack of a single platform used by all these participants is one challenge, an even greater obstacle to effective trade is the lack of standardization in the format of communications between them. 

First is standardization in the way that industry participants, and notably their systems, talk to each other, i.e. messages and formats of data. If these are standardized, then data can be passed between systems without friction, omission or delay. It is not the lack of standards that is the issue; rather, there are too many. Each platform has its own standards, and there are also standards within industries. While this may lead to pockets of efficiency and interoperability, these are within a wider patchwork of different standards. 

Second is regulatory standards. For example, while digital signatures are widely supported in trade and supply chain systems, they are not valid in every jurisdiction, resulting in process exceptions and interruption. Similarly, the legal standing of negotiable instruments can differ, which makes it difficult to establish a consistent approach to trade processing and financing. 

There are a number of initiatives now taking place to promote greater standardization. Crucially, these initiatives are collaborative as opposed to taking place in isolation. 

The first factor in the success of these initiatives is to recognize the need for standards. With digitization now becoming an operational and commercial necessity, the value of rich, useable data has never been greater to support analytics and decision-making, including artificial intelligence. Critically, common standards are required to enable digital end-to-end processes, interoperability between processes and systems, and higher quality, consistent data for analysis and insight-gathering.

The second factor is collaboration among the same players involved in both the development of platforms for exchanging trade data and the definition of the standards that determine how this exchange of data should take place. We are now seeing far greater collaboration between industry players to agree common standards and develop platforms that bring different participants together: the building blocks of successful trade digitization.  

For example, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) has set up a standards workgroup, of which Standard Chartered is a part, which brings together the full spectrum of industry players to collate input. The bank is also working with various platforms and co-designing interoperable solutions with other industry partners. For example, the use of application programming interfaces (APIs) to open up systems to exchange data is becoming increasingly popular.

It is not only in messaging standards and interoperability that we are seeing valuable developments taking place. We are also seeing a genuine push by governments and regulators to establish and adopt common frameworks for digital documents. For example, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law has introduced a framework for digitized negotiable instruments¹. As countries implement this framework in their local context, a common core is established which in turn permits greater standardization of trade flows and financing across jurisdictions. This will take time, but it is a valuable development in the trade digitization journey.

Over the next few years, we are likely to see considerable advances in standardization of both messaging and regulations, leading to greater automation and efficiency, and richer, more consistent data. This in turn will enable operational enhancements but also better use of data, not only in pockets, but across the industry. The breakthrough will be the ability to exchange large transaction volumes from end to end throughout the trade transaction lifecycle, including the entire ecosystem of buyers, sellers, banks, shippers and intermediaries.

Once the industry has reached this critical stage, enhanced automation and quality of data will help to drive value-added services such as trigger-based financing, i.e. financing or other actions automatically prompted by the transaction status as opposed to participants having to request financing manually. This will represent a major change in the way that trade is financed, remove another layer of friction in international trade and create the foundations for the business and trading models of the future.

 ^{1 UN General Assembly resolution 72/114, Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, A/72/458 (7 December 2017)}

About the Author 

Jordane Rollins has 15 years of experience in technology, business development and product management in financial services, including four years in China and six years in the ASEAN region. He is currently heading digital transformation for trade finance global products at Standard Chartered. He has a Masters in Engineering and an MBA from INSEAD, and is proficient in Mandarin (Chinese).

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