Perhaps he'd had a bad night's sleep. Perhaps it was a slip of the tongue. Or perhaps the man who told us last June that we needed to buck up our standards in the wake of the corporate crises in the US simply wanted to tell the truth.

Ukraine

Middle East

South Korea

Some points to consider before you dabble in the yellow metal.

Amid the corporate credit meltdowns of recent months even the most highly rated of frequent issuers have been forced to defend their funding strategies and the composition of their balance sheets. GE Capital is a prime example. The financial services company has always been proud of its triple-A rating but it has been less keen in the past to demonstrate to the market and the rating agencies why it should still hang on to it.

Managed futures, a strategy used by commodity trading advisers, produced the highest returns of any strategy in the CSFB/Tremont group of indices in 2002. By betting on increases in the prices of gold and oil, and on the depreciation of the dollar, commodity trading advisers produced returns of 18.33%.

For years companies leveraged up to boost shareholder returns. When the boom burst the disappointment of stockholders was as nothing to the wrath of creditors who have pushed companies to the brink. Some have pulled back, others are still teetering, only a few have steered well clear of trouble.

The gold price has risen spectacularly in the past year but it is not clear that this buoyancy can be maintained, particularly as investment demand has far exceeded any increase in purchases by manufacturers.

The European Investment Bank (EIB) has achieved a breadth of funding sources that few borrowers can rival. It is the only supranational issuer with benchmark programmes in three currencies - euros, dollars and sterling - and it is also the largest non-resident borrower in central and eastern Europe. Rene Karsenti, EIB's director general of finance, says: "We have a strategic presence in the accession states as we lend in these countries. It's also important to contribute to the development of these local bond markets in the run-up to EU accession, as we did with Portugal, Greece and Spain before their own accession."

Bear markets breed their own types of deals - balance sheet repair, restructuring, liability management, monetization of illiquid assets, securitization, opportunistic acquisitions. The pace and intensity of such deals may vary between the long hard slog and sudden bursts of activity, but companies and bankers that do well in them tend to share certain characteristics: a refusal to accept defeat, creativity that may be inspired by desperation, and a determination to deal with complexity and hold their nerve. Banks must sometimes underwrite risks they would rather not take, just to complete deals.

The days of large foreign investment flows to Latin America appear to be over. Companies and countries in the region are therefore going to have to find new ways to achieve sustainable growth.

In his first two months in the job, Bernie Dan, chief executive of the Chicago Board of Trade, has made two quick and bold decisions. It was the second that got the most publicity: the announcement to dump the exchange's joint venture with Eurex in favour of using the Liffe Connect trading platform.

If equity research is quarantined from sales, will institutional investors feel the pinch? Many feign indifference to the crackdown, which was partly triggered by their own apathy. If pressed, though, they admit new structures could be costly and fundamentally change the way they do business.

Foreign exchange

Investment banking

The next battle in the war for survival in US exchange-traded futures is about to begin, and it looks set to be much more cut-throat than before. The Board of Trade and the Merc, once seemingly set for extinction, have been reborn as fierce competitors. They must continue to evolve.

CEO and president of Shariah Funds Inc

Maarten Henderson, CFO of Dutch telco KPN, ended 2002 on a high note. On December 5, Standard & Poor's upgraded the company from BBB- to BBB, praising its deleveraging efforts. It had cut net debt from e22 billion at the end of September 2001 to e13.9 billion in just a year and had improved operational performance. By December 30, Henderson was celebrating the birth of a new baby daughter. And 2003 also got off to a promising start when, at a time when Deutsche Telekom was being punished by a two-notch downgrade by Moody's in January, the rating agency changed the outlook on the KPN's Baa3 rating to positive.

New business development executive, JPMorgan Investor Services