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Pedro Solbes, Commissioner for monetary and economic affairs, European Union

It's been going on for seven years, and has taken up more of the US Federal Accounting Standard Board's (FASB's) time than any other rule. US bankers and issuers hate it, claiming it will force an unwanted change in borrower strategies and will even hit earnings. They've lobbied Congress to get it nullified, and the board has responded with a year's postponement and by changing some of the strictures. Yet still the complaints roll in from those few who claim to understand it. Systems still aren't ready, and there is less than a year to go before it comes into effect. Who'd have thought that an accounting rule-change could cause such a furore? Antony Currie reports on the dilemmas and debates around rule FAS133

Japan's new leviathans

It has been a banner year for new issues of convertible bonds, with many forces working together, especially in Europe, to support the primary market. Low interest rates and hopes for equity market growth have prompted more and more investors to buy convertibles and the pressure on companies to enhance shareholder returns and to unwind cross-holdings has prompted the issuers. High stock market volatility, following last year's financial meltdown, has also helped the market. This is the full text version of a roundtable discussion, exclusive to Euromoney On-Line.

They may be a decade late, but Japan's banks are finally restructuring. The headline deals will create the world's two largest banks. An exclusive interview with Masao Nishimura, president of IBJ and a prime mover in the recent combination of IBJ with Fuji Bank and DKB, gives an insight into the thinking of Japan's financial elite. But, as Simon Brady reports, bad debts, low profitability and economic malaise will prevent even these new giants from becoming world leaders.

Last month's €2.3 billion issue of convertible bonds for Mannesmann promised to mark a revival of the convertible market, but within a week of its (successful) launch it was hit by Mannesmann's bid for Orange of the UK. At its launch on October 6, the deal was significantly oversubscribed, though it had been done on terms which raised plenty of eyebrows. The yield to maturity was 3.875%, towards the bottom of the indicated range and the premium conversion - the share price at which the bond could be exchanged for equity - was one of the highest seen this year at 38% above the prevailing share price. A high conversion premium usually points to a bullish equity market, but this deal came as the equity markets were looking rocky.

Edited by Rebecca Bream

We live in a time when the necessity, desirability and inevitability of ever more bank mergers is simply taken for granted by bank executives, shareholders and regulators. The model of the ruthless cost-cutting merger, so firmly established in the US in the last seven years, has increasingly been adopted worldwide. As producing shareholder value becomes the prime motive of managers in national banking industries which for years have been overprotected by governments, overpopulated by too many unprofitable players, and inefficiently run, mergers - it is now taken for granted - are the only way to boost returns by cutting costs.

To the casual visitor Prague seems a very civilized place. The city is bristling with church spires, historic buildings, museums and elegant squares. Every night is a cultural feast with opera, classical music and theatre of the highest quality. In this rarefied atmosphere, artistic and intellectual endeavours thrive and it is difficult to believe that the country was once under the dead-hand of communism.

Want to buy a bank stacked full of bad loans and losing money? The Czech Republic may be able to oblige. While the second-largest, Ceska Sporitelna, looks like going to Austria's Erste Bank, the biggest, Komercni Banka, is still up for grabs. Finally, after years of dithering and excuses, bank privatization is now happening. But the assets are worth much less since the banks ran into serious trouble. Czech government problems don't stop there. Many companies the banks lent to are floundering, capital markets are still in their infancy and the legal framework falls short. The Czech Republic is a case study of how not to handle transition. Brian Caplen reports.

When cutting costs is not enough

Mannesmann has pitched into some speedy, expensive takeovers, but is still a takeover target. That's a symptom of the rush for change affecting nearly all German companies. For years investors complained that German managers were too slow and cautious; now many have become dangerously impulsive. By Laura Covill.